1/4/2024 0 Comments Antidote for heparin toxicity![]() ![]() ![]() For both research fields, macrocyclic compounds were central in the findings that have led to major breakthroughs. ![]() In the past 30 years, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded twice to researchers focused on supramolecular systems, more specifically for their contributions toward “ the development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity” (1987) and for “ the design and synthesis of molecular machines” (2016). Structures of toxic (B) and illicit (C) molecules discussed in this review. The initial clinical use of curare toxins as muscle relaxants has progressively been replaced by synthetic analogues like Rocuronium or Cisatracurium. Examples of natural toxins (A) present in curares extracted from Amazonian plants or synthesized by bacteria like botulinum toxin. Structures of toxic compounds discussed in this review. ![]() As mentioned above, besides antibodies used as antidotes against venoms, most antidotes are small molecules. The glycoprotein ricin, besides its mention in several fictions, is one of the most toxic substances for which there is no known antidote and that has seriously been considered as a warfare agent. However, several poisons still do not have antidotes, such as the alkaloids aconitine (from acotinum plant sometimes used in medicine), or coniine, N-methylconiine and conhydrine (from hemlock plant), famous as the basis for the beverage forced to swallow and having caused the death of the Greek philosopher Socrates (399 BC). Modern approaches include the production of specific antibodies to counter the effects of venoms. In parallel, many antidotes ( substances able to counter the effects of a poison or a disease) have been discovered with time (such as mithridate, an ancient antidote with complex formulation) and most lethal poisons today have antidotes, such as cyanide (antidote sodium nitrite or thiosulfate), opioids (antidote naloxone), lead (antidote the succimer chelator), heparin (antidote protamine sulfate) or the three medications methotrexate, trimethoprim and pyrimethamine sharing the same antidote: leucovorin. Excluding physical instances, poisons can be chemicals (ions or small molecules) or biologicals (peptides or proteins such as those found in animals' venoms). curare alkaloids, previously discovered and used by Amazonian Indians, Figure 1A) or in cosmetics (botulinum toxin, a neurotoxic protein that is also the most toxic substance known, Figure 1A). Yet, new forms of poisons have started to be widely applied for example as pesticides, key intermediates in the chemical industry, disinfectants, conservatives, or in medicine for instance in surgery (i. According to the World Health Organization, unintentional poisoning remains a problem for modern society, with several million people affected each year. With various applications including probable uses for hunting and social recognition/promotion within early human groups, poisons have then mostly been used for suicide, pest-control, and assassination since Antiquity and generally up to the Renaissance period. The utilization of poisons ( compounds causing harm, injury or death) seems to have preceded the invention of writing (beginning of history) by at least 500 years. Keywords: Poisons, Macrocycles, Supramolecular Chemistry, Antidotes, Host-guest Introduction Along this line of research, endogenous "harmful" species are also sequestered by one or more of these supramolecular host molecules, expanding the potential of supramolecular antidotes to diverse therapeutic areas. Cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, acyclic cucurbituril derivatives, calixarenes, and pillararenes, have been reported to largely impact the effects of toxic compounds, thus extending the current paradigm of small molecule antidotes by adding a new family of macrocyclic compounds to the current arsenal of antidotes. This review focuses on recent developments to reverse or prevent toxic effects of poisons by encapsulation in host molecules. Currently, the majority of poisons are composed of small molecules. Simultaneously, antidotes have become crucial as reversal agents to counteract the effects of a poison, and they are also used today to positively cancel the benefits of a poison after use. Initially considered as deleterious or hazardous substances, the modern era has witnessed the controlled utilization of dangerous poisons in medicine and cosmetics. Poisons always have fascinated humankind. Select the file that you have just downloaded and select import option Reference Manager (RIS). Recent advances in supramolecular antidotes. Yin H, Zhang X, Wei J, Lu S, Bardelang D, Wang R. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |